Objective: 1) To determine the effective coverage of the surveillance-response system (MEEDS & MCN) in place in Zanzibar in terms of the proportion of the intended target population actually covered by the intervention. a. What are the demographic and behavioural characteristics of the missed population? 2) To evaluate the surveillance-response system in Zanzibar and identify modifications to the system which could improve performance especially as regards the probability of infection detection. a. What proportion of the target population of persons infected with parasites are identified by the system? b. What changes to the current system could increase population coverage and infection coverage? 3) To estimate the cost and cost-effectiveness of the surveillance-response system approach utilized in Zanzibar as well as the marginal cost of adding additional households.

Objective: • Characterize malaria prevention practices in SE Asian migrants in Angola • Characterize care-seeking practices in SE Asian migrants in Angola • Identify barriers to reaching the SE Asian migrant population with prevention strategies and providing access to appropriate testing and treatment of malaria cases

Objective: 1. Determine the effect of delivery of IPTp-SP by CHWs on IPTp-SP coverage (including IPTp1, IPTp2, IPTp3 and IPTp4) in rural Burkina Faso. 2. Document the effect of delivery of IPTp-SP by CHWs on ANC attendance (including ANC1, ANC2, ANC3 and ANC4) in a rural area of Burkina Faso. 3. Identify social and cultural factors in addition to intervention that influence levels of IPTp-SP uptake and ANC attendance.

Objective: The primary objective of this study is to assess the performance of the new highly-sensitive rapid diagnostic test (hsRDT) developed by SD Bioline versus conventional RDT, compared with PCR as the gold standard, in detecting malaria infections around index cases identified through passive surveillance in a low transmission area. Initial prototype testing of this hsRDT designed to detect the Plasmodium falciparum-specific antigen HRP2 in a format similar to the current conventional RDTs resulted in a limit of detection (LOD) of HRP2 of about 80 pg/mL compared to conventional RDTs with a LOD of 800-1000 pg/mL.

Objective: The primary objective will be to increase coverage of IPTp-SP3, without decreasing ANC attendance.

Objective: This study will investigate the magnitude of residual transmission and characterize it on the basis of where and when it occurs, and what its main anthropological determinants are in Zanzibar.

Objective: This study will seek to evaluate a ‘MIP Improvement Package’ consisting of enhanced, MIP-focused training and supervision of health workers plus community-based promotion campaign (intervention groups) to improve the coverage of at least three doses of IPTp-SP in comparison with standard training and implementation (control).

Objective: To assess hematologic response and adverse events in those receiving primaquine radical cure for vivax by systematic monitoring at selected health centers with active follow up and hematological testing.

Objective: Will the addition of tMDA or reactive case detection conducted within a 100m radius of the index case in a setting of optimized malaria control interventions impact community level malaria transmission?

Objective: 1. Compare the impact of 2 different IRS targeting strategies relative to each other and to blanket coverage IRS 2. Compare the operational cost of 2 different IRS targeting strategies, including costs associated with undertaking the targeting, relative to each other and blanket coverage

Objective: 1. Determine the extent to which Anopheles mosquito vectors feed and rest outdoors versus indoors in IRS vs. non-IRS areas. Past and current efforts have concentrated on indoor collections using only HLC and PSC methods. This study will use entry/exit trap and resting collection data to sample a mosquito population that has not been adequately sampled to date. 2. Determine if insecticide resistance is important for vector survival or avoidance of vector control interventions. 3. Determine if resistance status for the indoor/outdoor biting and resting populations are factors affecting mosquito infection status. 4. Determine the extent to which human outdoor activities overlap with mosquito biting activities that may impact malaria transmission risk.

Objective: a. The extent of public sector clinician adherence to appropriate diagnostic malaria testing and treatment in Nigeria; and b. The determinants associated with clinician non-adherence to diagnostic malaria testing and treatment in Nigeria.

Objective: Our proposed study, combining qualitative and quantitative methods, investigates the life history of nets inside households for a larger sample and over a longer time period than previously reported. This will help to better understand local user choices on net use and allocation, how they vary within and between households and over time, and at what point and why nets are replaced or discarded. Objectives: 1) Investigate how decisions are made about who sleeps under which net within a household, when to exchange old nets for new ones, and how existing nets are re-allocated to sleeping spaces when the household obtains a new net, and whether this depends on its distribution mechanism, i.e. universal coverage, targeted campaigns or via the commercial market. 2) Investigate characteristics of nets determining net replacement and disposal decisions using discrete choice experiments. 3) Correlate net use and allocation decisions with the physical status of the net .

Objective: The main evaluation objective is to determine the cost-effectiveness of different vector control interventions in a malaria endemic region of Mozambique. This includes a prospective evaluation of indoor residual spraying (IRS) with the organophosphate, Actellic, within a context of high coverage of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Cost-effectiveness will be determined by calculating the cost per case of malaria averted at community level and the cost per disability-adjusted life years (DALY) saved. It is expected to show the added benefit and cost associated with spraying with Actellic in areas with ITNs.

Objective: The primary objective of this OR study is to compare the feasibility and effectiveness of two different reactive case detection approaches in the Central Highlands of Madagascar for reducing malaria transmission, measured by the number of additional cases detected and by reductions in transmission over time using PCR and serology.

Objective: 1. To characterize and monitor malaria transmission parameters to provide baseline information on entomological parameters of malaria transmission 2. To perform selective IRS during the dry season in hamlets spanning the Niger River between Kirina and Kenieroba 3. To assess the impact of IRS on malaria transmission by monitoring entomological parameters of malaria transmission, after performing the selective IRS, in threes set of hamlets and inland villages

Objective: Determine operational feasibility of using dried tube specimens (DTS) as quality control and proficiency testing samples for malaria RDTs. DTS and RDTs stored at a reference laboratory were compared to DTS and RDTs stored at two health facilities to determine the ability of DTS to detect failing RDTs and also how a QC activity based on DTS can be incorporated into a larger RDT quality assurance program.

Objective: Determine operational feasibility of using dried tube specimens (DTS) as quality control and proficiency testing samples for malaria RDTs. DTS and RDTs stored at a reference laboratory were compared to DTS and RDTs stored at two health facilities to determine the ability of DTS to detect failing RDTs and also how a QC activity based on DTS can be incorporated into a larger RDT quality assurance program.

Objective: Determine operational feasibility of using dried tube specimens (DTS) as quality control and proficiency testing samples for malaria RDTs. DTS and RDTs stored at a reference laboratory were compared to DTS and RDTs stored at two health facilities to determine the ability of DTS to detect failing RDTs and also how a QC activity based on DTS can be incorporated into a larger RDT quality assurance program.

Objective: Determine the added benefit to larviciding water sources surrounding sprayed houses in a subset of villages under IRS control.

Objective: To evaluate scale up of home-based management of malaria including diagnosis with RDT and treatment based on test results to improve access of remote populations to prompt and effective management of uncomplicated malaria

Objective: 1) Document the intervention by observation of medication delivery and administration: interactions between health volunteers delivering the intervention (relais), caregivers and mothers, children. 2) Understand adherence or resistance by populations and health workers in regards to the acceptability of this new strategy, and in particular understand the reasons for adherence/resistance. 3) Understand perceptions of the intervention, the implementation (approach to preparation, communications, involvement of health workers and communities, application of measures against adverse effects and perceptions of the risk of adverse reaction) 4) Identify factors that facilitate acceptability of SMC at the community level and factors that limit adherence to SMC

Objective: 1) To study whether behaviors considered normative during the night, particularly sleeping/socializing outside, during malaria transmission season are placing the people at risk of infective bites, based on known habits of malaria vectors in the district 2) To determine whether insecticide-treated nets are being used appropriately, and if they are being used outside during night time hours, and explore beliefs surrounding use of insecticide-treated nets that may explain this and suggest possible messaging interventions 3) To explore beliefs, behaviors, and barriers surrounding care seeking and treatment that may lead to no, alternative, or delayed care seeking 4) To gather information regarding cross border movements and care seeking by populations not resident in the district

Objective: 1) To determine the effectiveness of SP for IPTp as evaluated by pregnancy outcomes following IPTp; 2) To determine the efficacy of SP for IPTp in clearing peripheral parasitemia in asymptomatic pregnant women; 3) To characterize baseline resistance of P. falciparum to SP in select locations in Zambia using molecular markers; 4)To assess the relationship of therapeutic efficacy and SP for IPTp effectiveness with molecular markers for SP resistance.

Objective: 1) Determine the prevalence of malaria among migrant populations 2) Determine the beliefs and practices regarding malaria prevention and care seeking among migrant populations 3) Determine the proportion of malaria cases seen at health posts that are from migrant populations.

Objective: 1) To assess the validity of the EPI Contact Method as a tool for monitoring bednet usage and treatment of common childhood illnesses by comparing data collected using the EPI Contact method to that collected during baseline and follow-up representative cross-sectional household surveys; 2) To evaluate the effectiveness of the EPI Contact Method as an intervention to improve bednet use and the appropriate treatment of common childhood illnesses; 3) To describe potential determinants of health worker performance of the EPI Contact Method; 4) To explore barriers to and motivations of net use at the household level

Objective: 1) To determine the efficacy of SP IPTp in clearing peripheral parasitemia in asymptomatic pregnant women; 2) To determine the effectiveness of SP IPTp as determined by pregnancy outcomes following IPTp; 3) To characterize baseline resistance of P. falciparum to SP in select locations in Zambia using molecular markers; 4) To assess the relationship of therapeutic efficacy and SP IPTp effectiveness with molecular markers for SP resistance

Objective: To determine adherence to artemether-lumefantrine as prescribed by health care workers and determine predictors for adherence such as patient factors, health worker practices, and counseling messages.

Objective: To estimate the financial implication of removing U5 malaria user fees in primary care level/ private nonprofit facilities (CSCom) and first reference levels public facilities (CSRef) in Mali; assess the attitudes of health providers and key stakeholders with regards to removing user fees for malaria treatment; and identify the major barriers to removal of user fees from malaria treatment among children U5.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of non-pyrethroid IRS on malaria transmission and malaria morbidity, its effects on the development of resistance and on the behaviour of Anopheles mosquitoes, and the involvement of communities in such a strategy.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of non-pyrethroid IRS on malaria transmission and malaria morbidity, its effects on the development of resistance and on the behaviour of Anopheles mosquitoes, and the involvement of communities in such a strategy.

Objective: Objectives: To pilot-test innovative continuous distribution systems: Community Directed Interventions (CDI) (using Community Drug Distributors) and School Based Distribution.

Objective: Senegal has a case management algorithm that states that patients who have signs of a febrile illness other than malaria (ie., runny nose, sore throat, rash) should not receive an RDT, but be treated for the suspected illness. If they remain symptomatic in 48 hrs, they may return for an RDT. This study aims to determine the proportion of patients not deemed eligible for an RDT who have a malaria infection, across the multiple epidemiologic strata found in Senegal and during an entire year.

Objective: The aim of this research is to determine whether it is necessary to maintain IRS once malaria transmission has been reduced or whether following the scaling-up of LLINs the IRS can be withdrawn and low transmission rates can be maintained equally well with LLINs alone.

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the longevity of 7 LLIN products under field conditions in Kenya.

Objective: The objective is to show if active fever surveillance decreases weekly malaria incidence and the number and percent of severe malaria cases seen at the health post. Village malaria volunteers (DSDOMs), who are already trained to test febrile patients with RDTs and treat positives with ACTs, will conduct weekly house-to-house visits to identify fever cases, and offer testing and treatment, during the four months of malaria transmission season in 15 villages in the health district of Saraya. Fifteen villages that have DSDOMs will serve as comparison. In those villages, in addition to home-based care, a house-to-house sweep will be conducted at the beginning and the end of the transmission season for comparison.

Objective: The objective of the study includes Qualitative formative: To understand the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices that motivate or impede net care and repair behaviors and to use these findings to inform a behavior change communication (BCC) intervention. Quantitative evaluation: To evaluate the impact on net integrity of a net care and repair BCC program.

Objective: The objective of the study includes Qualitative formative: To understand the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices that motivate or impede net care and repair behaviors and to use these findings to inform a behavior change communication (BCC) intervention. Quantitative evaluation: To evaluate the impact on net integrity of a net care and repair BCC program.

Objective: The objective of this assessment is to explore the feasibility and safety of using the CareStart™ G6PD Deficiency Screening Test to guide the inclusion of primaquine therapy for those presenting with Pv.

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine how long LLINs last in terms of physical integrity and insecticide content using a cross sectional study in nine districts in Zambia.

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the life of 5 different insecticides used for indoor residual spraying for the prevention of malaria.

Objective: The objectives of this study are 1) to assess the operational, logistical, and epidemiological feasibility of using specific sentinel populations attending reproductive and child health (RCH) clinics to monitor impact of malaria control; and 2) to determine acceptability/completeness/timeliness of monthly reporting by two RCH staff using mobile phone-based tools.

Objective: The primary objective of this project was to assess the completeness and acceptability of recording and reporting malaria diagnoses by Paracheck™ rapid diagnostic test (RDT) results in basic health facilities through simple modifications to the exiting Health Management and Information System (HMIS) booklets (Book number 5). In primary care clinics throughout Tanzania these HMIS booklets are part of the normal reporting format but in some clinics, they have been replaced by the more detailed ‘Indent Book’. Secondary objectives included the influence of RDTs and reporting their results on prescriber behavior, and to identify health worker characteristics associated with good prescribing practice.

Objective: The primary objective of this study is to identify the determinants of net preference and use, including net characteristics and other exogenous factors, among Cambodians living in malaria risk areas. The secondary objective is to determine preferences for specific physical characteristics of mosquito nets, both treated and untreated, most strongly correlated with use and non-use by report in malaria risk populations in Cambodia. In an effort to build the evidence base to inform future procurement decisions, this study is intended as a preliminary focus group-based investigation to gather qualitative data to identify the determinants of net preference, acceptability, use and then to inform the design of a prospective study to correlate these stated net preferences with actual use.

Objective: The primary objective of this study was to determine preference and acceptability of ITC by rubber tappers for nighttime work. The secondary objectives were to investigate user perceptions related to ITC use to inform future social marketing or ITC distribution programmes; to investigate whether preference and acceptability changes over a 3-month period; to conduct a costing analysis of ITC; and to assess the bio-efficacy of ITC worn by rubber tappers.

Objective: The primary objectives are: A. Assess readiness to provide severe malaria case management B. Assess quality of severe malaria case management

Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the ‘true’ medical record cause of death with COD according to verbal autopsy derived from 4 candidate methods: physician panel coding (PC), classification trees (CT), artificial neural networks (ANN) and the symptom pattern method (SP);

Objective: The research project aim is to assess the awareness and practice of national guidelines for malaria case management in pregnancy among healthcare providers and drug dispensers in a rural area of western Kenya.

Objective: The study examines the longevity of LLINs in terms of physical integrity and insecticide persistence. LLINs distributed in two different provinces, Permanets® (Luapula Province) and Olysets® (Northern province), are followed every 6 months to count and measure holes starting at one year of age, ending at 30 months of age. Households are surveyed about net care and usage.

Objective: The study objective is to compare the longevity of 5 LLITN products under field conditions in Malawi.

Objective: The study objective is to determine the life of 9 different insecticides/formulations used for indoor residual spraying for the prevention of malaria.

Objective: The study objectives are: 1) Measure the impact of ITNs, IRS, and the combination of ITNs and IRS on the prevalence of parasitemia and anemia through a cross-sectional survey; 2) Measure the impact of ITNs, IRS, and the combination of ITNs and IRS on entomological indices; 3) Determine whether IRS affects ITN ownership and use; 4) Assess above objectives by HH economic status.

Objective: There has been increasing concern that the effectiveness of LLINs in reducing malaria transmission may be compromised by increasing resistance of malaria vectors to pyrethroid insecticides. Although several studies have examined the effect of pyrethroid resistance on entomological indicators using experimental huts, few epidemiological studies have assessed LLIN effectiveness for malaria control in settings of pyrethroid resistance, and results have been conflicting.

Objective: This study aimed to estimate the rate of placental malaria infection at delivery among Zanzibari pregnant women who had not received IPTp to help determine whether IPTp is still warranted in Zanzibar.

Objective: This study aims to assess adherence and factors related to adherence to a regimen of AL for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in two healthcare settings: health facilities and community health posts.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the programmatic coverage and effectiveness of SMC when delivered through routine programming at the community level.

Objective: This study explores the extent to which the use of paediatric blood transfusions is affected by the number of paediatric malaria visits and admissions. It assesses whether the scale-up of malaria control interventions in a facility catchment area explains the use of paediatric blood transfusions.

Objective: This study was designed to explore and document night-time activities, including outdoor sleeping, that might increase exposure to malaria infection. Study findings may also inform the design of potential behaviour change communication or other interventions to reduce risk of outdoor malaria infection.

Objective: This study will evaluate the additional impact of IMSaT on malaria transmission and clinical malaria in an area with a moderate burden of malaria parasitemia and high coverage of ITNs and effective case management.

Objective: This study will examine whether the scale-up of malaria control activities (specifically the distribution of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS))is associated with improved micro-economic outcomes at the household level, specifically household spending on food, household spending on medical care, schooling attendance, agricultural production, and household savings and borrowing. The results of this study will demonstrate whether an association exists and the magnitude of the relationship.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia and anemia in children underfive years of age at baseline and following annual vs. biannual indoor residual spraying (IRS) in Bunkpurugu-Yunyoo district, northern Ghana

Objective: To determine prevalence of the major mutations of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Ethiopia, including ideally creating a risk map and providing an evidence base to inform needed policies related to proposed scale up of primaquine therapy for malaria infection.

Objective: To determine the acceptability and feasibility of implementation of ISTp-DP and IPTp-DP versus IPTp-SP, specifically, to determine the acceptability of IPTp-DP and ISTp-DP versus IPTp-SP among health providers and pregnant women in trial and operational contexts, to implement IPTp-DP and ISTp-DP and assess the systems effectiveness of delivery and identify potential facilitating and blocking factors under operational conditions, and to develop guidelines for implementation of IPTp-DP or ISTp-DP at scale based on the findings of the trial and feasibility study.

Objective: To determine the current prevalence of malaria detectable among pregnant women registering for ANC in 6 districts in Rwanda and to gather the evidence for developing and implementing a new malaria in pregnancy strategy in the context of reducing malaria prevalence.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of different approaches of post LLIN campaign home visits by volunteers to enhance LLIN hang-up and utilization, to estimate the retention/attrition rate of LLIN distributed by campaign at different points in time, and to estimate the cost of the different hang-up interventions to the service provider.

Objective: To study the behavior of African mosquito vectors exposed to insecticides used in IRS and ITNs in order to determine the mode of action of insecticides, to determine the efficacy of IRS and LLINs related to modes of action, and to quantify changes in mosquito behavior associated with insecticide resistance.

Objective: 1. Measure variations in impact of focal IRS with pirimiphos-methyl among different target areas in Nchelenge District on the outcomes of parasite prevalence, vector density, insecticide resistance and the number of confirmed malaria cases presenting to health facilities. 2. Measure variations in the cost-effectiveness of focal IRS with pirimiphos-methyl among different target areas in Nchelenge District. 3. Identify demographic, epidemiological, entomological and ecological factors associated with the effectiveness of focal IRS with pirimiphos-methyl among different target areas in Nchelenge District.

Objective: 1. To estimate the health costs of the intensive malaria intervention programme; 2. To estimate economic and financial program impact of malaria infections on households; 3. To assess the cost effectiveness of malaria control programme using decision rules and threshold analyses; 4. To establish health service and poverty impact of selected policy options for enhanced malaria reduction.

Objective: Assess the non-inferiority, in terms of safety, of a three-day follow-up visit conditional on non-resolution of symptoms for RDT-negative children with no cough/difficulty breathing and fast breathing, diarrhea, or danger signs, managed at the community level, compared to a systematic visit for all these children at Day 3.

Objective: Primary objective: Assess the non-inferiority, in terms of safety, of a three-day follow-up visit conditional on non-resolution of symptoms for RDT-negative children with no cough/difficulty breathing and fast breathing, diarrhea, or danger signs, managed at the community level, compared to a systematic visit for all these children at Day 3.

Objective: To assess whether introducing RDTs and appropriate treatments for malaria, pneumonia, and diarrhea through PPMVs will improve quality of case management of childhood illnesses for these three diseases in selected Local Government Areas (LGAs)

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the life of 5 different insecticides used for indoor residual spraying for the prevention of malaria.

Objective: The objective of this study is to find out if the intensity of pyrethroid resistance increases after a mass distribution campaign of mosquito nets

Objective: The objectives of the study are to identify the most effective method to deliver SMC, and to obtain information on the long term impact of SMC on malaria immunity. The investigators aim to i) determine the optimal mode (fixed-point (FPD) vs door-to-door delivery (DDD); directly observed treatment (DOT) vs. non-DOT (NDOT)) and frequency (3 vs. 4 doses per season) of SMC delivery; ii) to compare quantitative measures of immunity in children who do and do not receive SMC over a three year period.

Objective: The overall aim of this project is to assess the safety and tolerability of the WHO recommended addition of low dose (0.25mg/kg) primaquine, as a measure to help reduce the transmission of artemisinin resistant P. falciparum parasites, in Cambodian patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum who are glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient (G6PDd). The objective is to measure and compare the Day 7 hemoglobin concentration between G6PDd and G6PD normal patients who are treated with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine alone or combined with low dose primaquine.

Objective: The overall objective is to estimate the survivorship over time of different long-lasting nets under field conditions based upon their rates of attrition and physical integrity. The survivorship of each net type will then be correlated with resistance-to-damage scores as estimated from laboratory textile tests.

Objective: The overall objective is to estimate the survivorship over time of different long-lasting nets under field conditions based upon their rates of attrition and physical integrity. The survivorship of each net type will then be correlated with resistance-to-damage scores as estimated from laboratory textile tests.

Objective: The primary objective is to assess the effect of strengthening the referral system on timely uptake of referral of sick children who seek care in the private sector. The secondary objectives are: 1) to assess appropriate case management for malaria, pneumonia and diarrhea; 2) to explore factors which influence the referral or non-referral of sick children from the private sector; and 3) to assess the cost effectiveness of uptake of referral of sick children who seek care in the private sector.

Objective: The primary objective of this protocol is to identify the simplest and most cost-effective methods for characterizing transmission intensity in Madagascar for the purposes of IRS stratification. We will use school-based malaria serology surveys as a gold standard to validate the recently implemented approach of using health facility-based and routinely reported malaria incidence data to prioritize communes for focalized IRS, in addition to evaluating the performance of several additional potential measures of transmission intensity.

Objective: The primary objective of this study in Malawi is to evaluate the effectiveness of text message reminders to health workers in Malawi to improve case management of malaria and other common illnesses. Secondary objectives include: 1) to determine whether messages on a broader range of diseases are as effective in improving malaria case management as messages on malaria case management alone; and 2) to determine the effect of text message reminders on the case management quality of other common diseases in Malawi.

Objective: The study objectives are: 1. To understand local understanding of net care and repair behaviours in Tanzania. 2. To investigate actions associated with different net damage attributes (number, size and location of holes). 3. To elucidate motivators and barriers to repairing nets. 4. To explore perceptions on how to overcome barriers to net care and repair.

Objective: This project proposes to assess the serologic responses from the nationally representative sample of dried blood spots (DBSs) that have already been collected during the 2011 Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS) in Ethiopia.

Objective: This study is a cluster randomized trial investigating the comparative effectiveness of ITWLs to indoor residual spraying (IRS) under the context of universal coverage of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets (LLINs). The objectives of the study are to evaluate the impact of ITWL and IRS on malaria transmission as measured by the incidence and prevalence of asexual malaria parasitemia, the prevalence of moderate to severe anemia, entomological indices, and cost-effectiveness.

Objective: This study will support monitoring of key P. falciparum resistance markers among pregnant women at ANC and delivery to identify increases in the prevalence and distribution of the sextuple mutant.

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of IPTp-DP compared to IPTp-SP to augment existing data and assist Malawi in determining the best way forward for its malaria in pregnancy control strategy.

Objective: To study the effectiveness of IC as an approach toon improveing the quality of health facility data Specific objectives: (1) Identify key barriers to collecting high quality health facility data; (2) Identify interventions that can be carried out without additional external resources (i.e., direct funding, commodities, staff); (3) Identify monitoring and evaluation indicators that can be used to determine whether the IC approach is improving the quality of health facility malaria data.

Objective: Vector- pyrethroid (insecticide) resistance (pyrR) threatens the effectiveness of PMIs long-lasting insecticidal (mosquito bed) net (LLIN) intervention. This protocol compares two available and approved combination LLINs, the PermaNet 3.0® and the Olyset Plus® LLINs, in village-scale comparison assessments. The methodology involves estimating and comparing the impact of the LLINs on entomological measures of malaria vectorial capacity: vector density, vector longevity, and vector sporozoite rate positivity, during a 12 month period. In addition, LLIN fabric integrity will be evaluated based on WHO critieria for assessment of LLIN durability. Results will be used to compare the relative impact of each product to existing LLIN technology (PermaNet 2.0®, and Olyset®).

Objective: The objective of this assessment is to explore the feasibility and potential benefits of school-based malaria surveillance of malaria, as a strategy for outbreak identification and response. Specific objectives include: (i) to test the sensitivity and specificity of developed malaria school-based surveillance in detecting malaria morbidity trends at community level; and (ii) calculate the surveillance systems cost-effectiveness.